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Blackmun, Harry A. (1908–1999)

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Color official judicial portrait of Harry Blackmun, ca. 1975.

Official judicial portrait of Harry Blackmun, ca. 1975. CC BY 4.0

Harry Blackmun was the third Minnesotan to serve on the US Supreme Court, after Pierce Butler (associate justice, 1923–1939) and Warren Burger (chief justice, 1969–1986), and he stayed the longest: twenty-four years. He was little known outside legal circles until he wrote the decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) that established Constitutional protection of abortion.

Harry Andrew Blackmun grew up in difficult circumstances in St. Paul’s Dayton’s Bluff neighborhood. His father, Corwin, worked as a fruit dealer, with frequent absences from home and little worldly success. His mother, Theo, suffered from depression. Young Harry attended Van Buren School, where in kindergarten he befriended another Dayton’s Bluff lad, Warren Burger. The two remained friends for seventy years, but not to the end of their lives.

Blackmun attended St. Paul’s Mechanic Arts High School, where he was a top student, a prize-winning public speaker, and president of his senior class. A verse in the 1925 Mechanic Arts yearbook predicted that he would one day become US ambassador to Germany. At sixteen Blackmun got a scholarship to Harvard University, where he graduated summa cum laude in mathematics and won Phi Beta Kappa honors. He continued there for law school, graduating in 1932. Later he wrote that what he most enjoyed about Harvard was singing in the Glee Club.

After Harvard, Blackmun returned to St. Paul to clerk for US Court of Appeals judge John Sanborn. Then he took a job with the Minneapolis law firm that many years later became the powerhouse Dorsey & Whitney. He specialized in the law of taxes and trusts and estates.

In 1950 Blackmun was persuaded to move to Rochester, Minnesota, to work as resident counsel for the Mayo Clinic, a job that suited him in part because he had once seriously considered going to medical school instead of law school. This was the happiest period of his life. In 1959 President Eisenhower appointed Blackmun to the Eighth US Court of Appeals, based in St. Louis. He served that court diligently and without controversy. His decisions demonstrated careful scholarship, restraint, and deference to established authority.

In 1970 President Nixon failed twice to fill an opening on the Supreme Court when the Senate rejected first Clement Haynsworth, then Harrold Carswell. On his third try Nixon chose Blackmun, and the Senate confirmed this appointment 94–0. Chief justice then was Warren Burger, and because the two had grown up together in St. Paul (and were both Republicans) they were often referred to as the Minnesota Twins.

On the Supreme Court Blackmun was non-ideological and pragmatic; he had no big ambitions. Then came Roe v. Wade (1973), in which the Court—by a 7–2 majority that included Warren Burger—found that the right to privacy implied in the Constitution prevented state governments from making abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy a crime. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion.

The decision provoked both praise and fury and exposed Blackmun to a fame (or notoriety) that he neither sought nor enjoyed. His legal reasoning in Roe has been analyzed, criticized, and often condemned, but the core of it—that pregnancy is a private matter in which state power to intervene is strictly limited—has survived more than forty years of determined attacks.

Blackmun served another twenty-one years on the Supreme Court and participated creatively in many important cases, regarding the implications of Roe (he never stopped defending a woman’s right to abortion), commercial speech, the Pentagon Papers, affirmative action, sex discrimination, and, increasingly, the death penalty. Though Blackmun opposed it personally (as he did abortion) he had consistently voted to sustain death penalties. In Callins v. Collins (1994) he changed his position. He announced that he would “no longer…tinker with the machinery of death” and that “the death penalty experiment has failed.”

The increasing conservatism of the Court during the Reagan and George H. W. Bush years made Blackmun uneasy, and his friendship with Burger did not survive. The election of Democrat Bill Clinton as president in 1992, plus Blackmun’s advanced years, opened the way to retirement. He left the court in August 1994. Harry Blackmun died on March 4, 1999, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

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Friedman, Leon, and Fred L. Israel, eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Vol. 5: The Burger Court, 1969–1978. New York: Chelsea House, 1978.

Greenhouse, Linda. Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun’s Supreme Court Journey. New York: Times Books, 2005.

Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Special Session on Nomination of Harry A. Blackmun of Minnesota to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, April 29, 1970. Washington, D.C.: US Printing Office, 1970.

M [Mechanic Arts High School Yearbook]. St. Paul: Mechanic Arts Literary Society, 1925.

Yarbrough, Tinsley E. Harry A. Blackmun: The Outsider Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Related Images

Color official judicial portrait of Harry Blackmun, ca. 1975.
Color official judicial portrait of Harry Blackmun, ca. 1975.
Black and white photograph of Van Buren School (275 Maple Street, St. Paul), ca. 1905.
Black and white photograph of Van Buren School (275 Maple Street, St. Paul), ca. 1905.
Black and white photograph of Harry Blackmun, left, on Dayton’s Bluff in St. Paul, ca. 1912.
Black and white photograph of Harry Blackmun, left, on Dayton’s Bluff in St. Paul, ca. 1912.
Black and white photograph of Harry Blackmun, 1925.
Black and white photograph of Harry Blackmun, 1925.
Black and white photograph of Mechanic Arts High School, St. Paul, ca. 1928. Photograph by Charles P. Gibson.
Black and white photograph of Mechanic Arts High School, St. Paul, ca. 1928. Photograph by Charles P. Gibson.
Black and white photograph of future chief justice Warren Burger, ca. 1936.
Black and white photograph of future chief justice Warren Burger, ca. 1936.
Black and white photograph of Harry Blackmun during his Supreme Court years, ca. 1975.
Black and white photograph of Harry Blackmun during his Supreme Court years, ca. 1975.

Turning Point

Blackmun starts his career as a judge by accepting President Eisenhower’s appointment to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1959.

Chronology

1908

Blackmun is born on November 12, in Nashville, Illinois, where his mother’s parents live.

1913

Now living at 847 East Fourth Street, St. Paul, Blackmun begins his schooling at Van Buren School on St. Paul’s Dayton’s Bluff.

1924

He wins an oratory contest judged by Judge John Sanborn of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, the judge for whom he would clerk eight years later.

1925

Blackmun graduates from Mechanic Arts High School and begins studying at Harvard University.

1932

Blackmun gets his law degree from Harvard.

1934

Blackmun begins private practice in downtown Minneapolis.

1941

In June he marries Dorothy Collins, with whom he would have three daughters, Nancy, Sally, and Susan, over the next six years.

1949

The Blackmuns move to Rochester, and Harry begins ten years as counsel for the Mayo Clinic.

1959

President Eisenhower appoints Blackmun to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. Blackmun starts the job on his fifty-first birthday.

1970

President Nixon appoints Blackmun to the US Supreme Court. He takes office on June 9.

1972

Blackmun writes the majority opinion (two justices dissent) in Roe v. Wade. The decision is announced in January 1973.

1994

Blackmun retires from the Supreme Court, effective August 3, after slightly more than twenty-four years.

1999

Blackmun dies on March 4.