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Wacouta I (Shooter), ca. 1800–1858

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Hand written document recognizing "Wahcoota" as Tatanka Mani's successor, May 17, 1829.

After the death of Tatanka Mani (Walking Buffalo, also known as Red Wing) in 1829, Lawrence Taliaferro, the United States Indian Agent at Fort Snelling, recognized Wacouta as Tatanka Mani's successor.

In spring 1829, Wacouta (Shooter) faced two challenges upon becoming leader of the Red Wing band of Mdewakanton Dakota. He needed to fend off challenges from rivals within his village and also find success in dealings with United States government officials.

The March 4, 1829, death of Tatanka Mani (Walking Buffalo), the widely respected Mdewakanton warrior, left a vacuum in the leadership of his band. Tatanka Mani, also known as Red Wing, was renowned for his bravery and was thought to be able to see the future through dreams.

Wacouta I seemed to be the person to replace Red Wing. Red Wing's surviving son had contracted a bone disease that left him unfit for leadership. Wacouta, as Red Wing's nephew and possible stepson, was next in line. In his early thirties, intelligent, strong, and imposing at six feet tall, he was backed by a majority in the band. Whites who encountered Wacouta as a young man and later as an elder spoke highly of him. Wacouta was not a war chief, however. Younger men led by Mahpiyamaza (Iron Cloud), a warrior more in the mold of Red Wing, questioned his friendships with whites and his leadership.

Despite Mahpiyamaza's questioning, by May 18, 1829 the Mdewakanton band elected Wacouta as leader. The new chief signed the second treaty of Prairie du Chien on July 15, 1830. However, clashes between the two factions continued and in 1832 the Red Wing band split into two groups led by Wacouta and Mahpiyamaza. They moved downriver from the village of Red Wing to separate camps near Wabasha's village. Wabasha was a well-respected Dakota leader. He and his 500 followers made up the largest of the five Mdewakanton communities.

Wacouta continued to lead the remaining members of his group. In 1837, along with Mahpiyamaza and other prominent Dakota, he made a trip to Washington, D.C. At the U.S. capital, the Dakota were pressured and eventually agreed to give up lands east of the Mississippi for annual cash payments. Some of the money was to be used for "education and civilization," which became a point of contention for the Dakota. Further, as part of the treaty, the U.S. government planned to recruit farmers, missionaries and teachers to work with the Indians.

In 1838, Wacouta and Mahpiyamaza brought their two factions back to Red Wing where they continued to live separately due to on-going tensions. A series of missionaries, including Samuel and Persis Dentan, John and Nancy Aiton, and Joseph and Maria Hancock, were sent to work with the Red Wing band beginning in the late 1830s.

In 1851 a U.S. delegation led by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs and Alexander Ramsey, Minnesota's territorial governor, asked to meet with regional Dakota leaders. They wished to purchase the vast lands belonging to the Dakota. In July, the delegation signed an agreement with Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota known as the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux. The United States still needed the approval of the eastern Dakota, however.

Wacouta I, along with Wabasha III and Taoyateduta (Little Crow IV), all experienced leaders of the Mdewakanton, agreed to confer with Lea and Ramsey in Mendota. Mahpiyamaza was also part of the delegation.

He and his band talked openly of opposing any treaty that would cost them their homes and village. Other young Mdewakanton men reportedly threatened to kill the first man to sign such an agreement. Wacouta addressed the assembly and spoke bitterly about his 1837 trip to Washington, D.C. He claimed the whites deceived the Indian leaders. Wacouta feared more treachery. Wabasha III, and Taoyateduta also spoke of broken promises. The talks with the U.S. representatives nearly broke down.

Despite his concerns, Wacouta, along with other senior Mdewakanton chiefs, had traveled across the United States. They understood the power of the flourishing new nation in a way the younger men did not. Grudgingly, the Indian leaders agreed to the land purchase offer. Wacouta and his band left Red Wing in 1853, heading to a small Minnesota River Valley reservation near present-day Morton. Wacouta died in their new home five years later.

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Anderson, Gary Clayton. Little Crow: Spokesman for the Sioux. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1986.

Angell, Madeline. Red Wing, Minnesota: Saga of a River Town. Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1977.

Angell, Madeline, and Mary C. Miller. Joseph Woods Hancock: The Life and Times of a Minnesota Pioneer. Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1980.

Sweney, W.M. "Early Days." In History of Goodhue County, Minnesota, edited by Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge, Chicago: H.C. Cooper, Jr. & Co., 1909, 33–62.

Diedrich, Mark. F. Famous Chiefs of the Eastern Sioux. Minneapolis: Coyote Books, 1987.

———. "Red Wing, War Chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota." Minnesota Archaeologist 40 (March 1981): 19–32.

Folwell, William Watts. A History of Minnesota, vol. I. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1956 edition.

Hancock, Joseph Woods. Goodhue County Minnesota, Past and Present. Red Wing, MN: Red Wing Printing, 1893.

History of Goodhue County. Red Wing, MN: Wood, Alley & Co., 1878.

Meyer, Roy W. "The Red Wing Indian Village." Unpublished manuscript. Red Wing, MN: Goodhue County Historical Society Collections, 1963.

———. "Who Was Red Wing?" Unpublished manuscript. Red Wing, MN: Goodhue County Historical Society Collections, 1964.

Johnson, Frederick L. Goodhue County, Minnesota: A Narrative History. Red Wing, MN: Goodhue County Historical Society, 2000.

Kane, Lucile M. "The Sioux Treaties and Traders." Minnesota History 32, no. 2 (June 1951): 65–80.
http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/32/v32i02p065-080.pdf

Papers Relating to Talks and Councils Held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territory in the Years 1866-1869. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910.

Riggs, Stephen R. "Dakota Portraits." Minnesota History Bulletin 2 (November 1918): 481–568.

Woolworth, Alan R. "19th Century Minnesota Biographies, A to Z, Wacouta or Wahcoota or The Shooter," 1853–1991.
Found in Alan R. Woolworth Papers. Minnesota Historical Society, St Paul
http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00339.xml

Related Images

Hand written document recognizing "Wahcoota" as Tatanka Mani's successor, May 17, 1829.
Hand written document recognizing "Wahcoota" as Tatanka Mani's successor, May 17, 1829.

Turning Point

The March 1829 death of Tatanka Mani, the prominent leader of the Red Wing Mdewakanton, results in Wacouta I becoming leader of that band.

Chronology

1829

Following Tatanka Mani's death in March, members of his band of Mdewakanton choose Wacouta as their leader. A faction of the band supports Iron Cloud for the role.

1830

Wacouta signs the second treaty of Prairie du Chien on July 15, 1830, as leader of the Red Wing band.

1832

The Red Wing Mdewakanton band splits into two factions, headed by Wacouta and Mahpiyamaza.

1837

Wacouta joins other Dakota leaders in a trip to Washington D.C. to discuss the sale of Indian land east of the Mississippi.

c. 1838

The two factions of the Red Wing band return to the original village site with Wacouta as chief and Iron Cloud as head warrior. The groups live in separate parts of the village.

1851

Wacouta and other senior Mdewakanton leaders grudgingly agree to the sale of the vast Dakota lands in southern Minnesota Territory as part of the Treaty of Mendota.

1858

Wacouta dies while living with the Red Wing band on their Minnesota River reservation.