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Highland Park Water Tower, St. Paul

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Highland Park Water Tower, 2018

Highland Park Water Tower, St. Paul. Photograph by Wikimedia Commons user McGhiever, July 7, 2018. CC BY-SA 4.0

The Highland Park Water Tower, in the St. Paul neighborhood of the same name, was designed by St. Paul City Architect Clarence “Cap” Wigington, the nation’s first Black city architect. As a Highland Park neighborhood icon, the tower represents City Beautiful ideals through its Mediterranean Revival style. Its contributions to American architectural and engineering history allowed it to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Completed in 1928, the octagonal tower sits at the corner of Snelling Avenue and Highland Parkway, adjacent to the Highland Park National Golf Course and the Charles M. Schulz Ice Arena. Though it ceased to supply water in 2017, it is the only architecturally significant water tower in the city, and a major neighborhood landmark.

The plaque at the west entrance lists Frank X. Tewes, who supervised Wigington, as the tower’s architect. Wigington’s initials on project drawings, however, provide evidence that he was its designer. In 1928 he had already designed multiple local schools, as well as the exterior of the St. Paul Auditorium. The tower is in the Mediterranean Revival style—an unusual architectural style for a water tower. It was among the many revival styles that proponents of the City Beautiful movement (1890s–1900s) preferred, as it emphasized constructing beautiful public buildings and structures.

At 134 feet tall, the Highland Park Water Tower contains three sections: a base, a shaft, and an observation deck. The base is made of a smoothly dressed, random ashlar Kasota stone, and has two entrances: one on the north side of the structure and one on the west side. The shaft features tan, pressed-face brick, and the observation deck is made of coursed ashlar Bedford stone. The roof is adorned with terra cotta clay tiles and a small cupola. Notable design elements include stone dentils, shields, downspouts, and lion-head relief sculptures adorning all eight sides of the observation level exterior.

Work began on the structure in 1927, with the tower costing $69,483 to construct. It was built by the Feyen Construction Company and William Selby. The Wilcox Cut Stone Company supplied the stone, and the St. Paul Foundry Company supplied the steel for the tank. A 151-step circular stairway that leads up to the observation deck surrounds a riveted, steel-plate tank with a capacity of 200,000 gallons.

Until it was taken out of service in 2017, the tower served the western part of the city north of West Seventh Street. The water was pumped from a reservoir into the tower and flowed by gravity to about 9,000 homes in its service area. As the city grew, so did water demand, and two underground reservoirs with a combined capacity of 28 million gallons were constructed both north and south of the tower. The Highland Water Tanks, two newer, steel water towers built in 1959 and 1989, are located just northeast of the tower. They have a combined capacity of 2.5 million gallons. In 2014, the south reservoir was decommissioned, and it was demolished in 2021.

The tower was designated an American Water Landmark by the American Water Works Association in 1981, and it is one of over 150 such landmarks in North America. In 1986, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as significant to architectural and engineering history.

Around World War II, the Highland Park Water Tower was closed to the public and remained so until 1976. Today, it is maintained by St. Paul Regional Water Services and is open to the public on two special neighborhood occasions: the annual Highland Fest in the summer and observing fall foliage in October. Virtual views from the observation deck offering panoramic views of the Twin Cities are available online.

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American Waterworks Association. “American/Canadian/Mexican Water Landmarks Award.”
https://www.awwa.org/Membership-Volunteering/Awards/Water-Landmarks-Award

City of St. Paul, Minnesota. “Highland Park Reservoir Demo.”
https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/water-services/projects/highland-park-reservoir-demo

———. “Highland Tower.”
https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/saint-paul-regional-water-services/about-sprws/highland-tower

Historic Twin Cities. “Highland Park Water Tower,” April 3, 2019.
http://www.historictwincities.com/2019/04/03/highland-park-water-tower

Krueger, Andrew. “Photos: Some of the Best Views in the Twin Cities, Available Only Twice a Year.” MPR News, July 22, 2018. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/07/21/photos-best-views-twin-cities-available-only-twice-a-year-highland-water-tower

Mc Watt, Arthur C. “What’s Historic About This Site? The Highland Park Water Tower and its Architect, Clarence Wigington.” Ramsey County History 28, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 26–27.
https://publishing.rchs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/RCHS_Spring1993_Historic_Site.pdf

McClure, Jane. “Highland’s Southern Reservoir to Be Demolished This Year.” MyVillager, June 24, 2020.
https://myvillager.com/2020/06/24/highlands-southern-reservoir-to-be-removed

Millett, Larry. AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2007.

Murphy, Patricia. Highland Park Tower. National Register of Historic Places nomination file, July 17, 1986. State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/5c9a19f1-157f-40c6-b021-d4743a2050b1

Roth, Leland M. American Architecture: A History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.

Rowe, M. H. “There and Then Not: The Historic Water Towers of Minneapolis and St. Paul.” MinnPost, July 24, 2014.
https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2014/07/there-and-then-not-historic-water-towers-minneapolis-and-st-paul

Saint Paul Regional Water Services. “Highland Water Tower.”
https://sprwsonline.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=853319ede052487784a0592f0324c1e6

——— . “Saint Paul Regional Water Services Water Supply Plan.” St. Paul, Minnesota, 2016.
https://www.stpaul.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/WSP_Saint%20Paul_1975-6227_05-02-2019%20Public%20Version.pdf

Taylor, David Vassar, and Paul Larson. Cap Wigington: An Architectural Legacy in Ice and Stone. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001.

Taylor, David Vassar. “A Water Tower, A Pavilion, and Three Historic Sites: Clarence W. Wigington and the Architectural Legacy He Left to St. Paul.” Ramsey County History 34, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 4–11.
https://publishing.rchs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/RCHS_Winter2000_Taylor.pdf

Wurzer, Cathy. “Cap Wigington, St. Paul’s Architect.” MPR News, April 21, 2010.
https://www.mprnews.org/story/2010/04/21/cap-wigington

Related Images

Highland Park Water Tower, 2018
Highland Park Water Tower, 2018
Cover of Cap Wigington: An Architectural Legacy in Ice and Stone
Cover of Cap Wigington: An Architectural Legacy in Ice and Stone
Highland Park Water Tower, 1934
Highland Park Water Tower, 1934
Highland Park Water Tower, ca. 1940
Highland Park Water Tower, ca. 1940
Highland Park Water Tower entrance
Highland Park Water Tower entrance
Highland Park Water Tower roof interior
Highland Park Water Tower roof interior
Highland Park Water Tower interior
Highland Park Water Tower interior
Color image of the exterior of St. Paul’s Highland water tower designed by Clarence Wigington and built in 1928. Photographed by Paul Nelson on August 4, 2014.
Color image of the exterior of St. Paul’s Highland water tower designed by Clarence Wigington and built in 1928. Photographed by Paul Nelson on August 4, 2014.
Color image of a detail view of the exterior of St. Paul’s Highland water tower designed by Clarence Wigington and built in 1928. Photographed by Paul Nelson on August 4, 2014.
Color image of a detail view of the exterior of St. Paul’s Highland water tower designed by Clarence Wigington and built in 1928. Photographed by Paul Nelson on August 4, 2014.
Highland Park Water Tower
Highland Park Water Tower
Highland Park Water Tower
Highland Park Water Tower
Highland Park Water Tower
Highland Park Water Tower

Turning Point

In 1986, the Highland Park Water Tower is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for significance relating to architectural and engineering history.

Chronology

1927

Clarence Wesley “Cap” Wigington designs the Highland Park Water Tower. Construction begins the same year.

1928

Construction of the Highland Park Water Tower is complete.

1940s

The tower’s observation deck is closed to the public.

1976

The observation deck reopens to the public.

1981

The American Water Works Association designates the Highland Park Water Tower as an American Water Landmark.

1986

The Highland Park Water Tower is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

2014

The tower’s south reservoir is decommissioned.

2017

Highland Park Water Tower is taken out of service.

2021

The south reservoir is demolished.