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Milwaukee Road in Minnesota

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Black and white photograph of a locomotive for the "Hiawatha," Milwaukee Road. Photograph by Milwaukee Road News Bureau, 1935.

Locomotive for the "Hiawatha," Milwaukee Road. Photograph by Milwaukee Road News Bureau, 1935.

The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company, better known as the Milwaukee Road, was a large railroad network that operated in the state of Minnesota for nearly 130 years. It provided freight and passenger service to many communities, playing a vital economic role. In 2017, much of the Minnesota route survives as a part of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

The Milwaukee Road in Minnesota grew out of a series of older, smaller, regional routes. It started as the Minneapolis and Cedar Valley on March 1, 1856, extending south from Minneapolis through Faribault to Iowa. The route sought to link Chicago and the Twin Cities through Wisconsin. Though the line lost its charter several times, construction continued, and the Cedar Valley became the Minnesota Central on February 1, 1864.

As construction reached Owatonna by way of Prairie du Chien and building continued at Austin to the west, the company came under the aegis of the Milwaukee and St. Paul. This company also bought the St. Paul and Chicago, and by the early 1870s, there was a new, shorter route between Chicago and the Twin Cities that followed the Mississippi River. Although “Milwaukee” became associated with the Minnesota Central as early as 1866, it was on January 3, 1872, that the Milwaukee Road system officially came to Minnesota as the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul.

Several smaller railroads also became part of the Milwaukee Road. These were more rural affairs, such as the Southern Minnesota to the south and east of the Twin Cities and the Hastings and Dakota to the south. A vital part of the Milwaukee was the Short Line, a small route that provided the Minnesota Central with a direct line into Minneapolis and connections to the Hastings and Dakota.

Many branch lines made up the Milwaukee inside Minnesota. These lines were often lower density, linked smaller communities, and moved agricultural products on a smaller scale. They included the Minnesota Midland along the Zumbro Valley; the Cannon Valley line; the Caledonia, the Mississippi and Western in a small section of southeastern Minnesota; and the Stillwater and Hastings. The Fargo and Southern and the Chippewa Valley and Lake Superior also joined the line.

There were other branches, such as the Hutchinson branch, and even a small resort line to service Lake Minnetonka, known as the Deephaven Line. Extensions were created for certain rural Minnesota communities, such as Mankato and Farmington. The last of the extensions brought under the Milwaukee Road orbit was built in 1926, offering additional service between Oakland and Hollandale.

In addition to being an agricultural or “Granger” railroad in Minnesota, the Milwaukee enjoyed a reputation for legendary passenger service—particularly on its Hiawatha trains, whose rolling stock was named from the literature of Robert Louis Stevenson. The Milwaukee Road extended from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest coast, and this route was highlighted by the Olympian trains and electrified trackage through the Rockies. The line maintained its equipment at several shop facilities in the state, such as those in Austin and south Minneapolis. The Milwaukee Road depot was used as office space from 1971 until 2001, when Marriott International opened a restaurant and two hotels. The depot and the freight house were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

The late 1960s were lean years for Minnesota’s Granger roads. Maintenance to trackage was deferred. Passenger trains were ceded to Amtrak in 1970. The Milwaukee was eventually forced to abandon its entire western extension starting at Ortonville with a filing for abandonment on May 15, 1981. The railroad proved to be a worthwhile asset for its competitor, the Soo Line, which assumed control of the ailing Milwaukee on February 19, 1985. Since 1992, the Canadian Pacific Railway has operated what is left of the Milwaukee Road in Minnesota.

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© Minnesota Historical Society
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Derleth, August. The Milwaukee Road: Its First Hundred Years. New York: Creative Age Press, 1948.

Dorin, Patrick C. Milwaukee Road East. Seattle: Superior Publishing, 1978.

Glischinski, Steve. Minnesota Railroads: A Photographic History, 1940–2012. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.

Hofsommer, Donovan L. Minneapolis and the Age of Railways. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

Lawless, Tom. “The Milwaukee Road Depot: Part of Minneapolis’ Heritage.” Hennepin County History 41, nos. 3 & 4 (Fall/Winter 1982–1983): 3–10.

Luecke, John. Dreams, Disasters, and Demise: The Milwaukee Road in Minnesota. Eagan, MN: Grenadier Publications, 1988.

Prosser, Richard. Rails to the North Star. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.

Scribbins, Jim. Milwaukee Road Remembered: A Fresh Look at an Unusual Railroad. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Books, 1990.

——— . The Hiawatha Story. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.

Related Images

Black and white photograph of a locomotive for the "Hiawatha," Milwaukee Road. Photograph by Milwaukee Road News Bureau, 1935.
Black and white photograph of a locomotive for the "Hiawatha," Milwaukee Road. Photograph by Milwaukee Road News Bureau, 1935.
Black and white photograph of the arrival of the Milwaukee train, Austin, Minnesota, 1874.
Black and white photograph of the arrival of the Milwaukee train, Austin, Minnesota, 1874.
Black and white photograph of a snow blockade, Southern Minnesota Division, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, March 29, 1881.
Black and white photograph of a snow blockade, Southern Minnesota Division, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, March 29, 1881.
Black and white photograph of the Milwaukee Road Depot, Montevideo, ca. 1900. From the H. Roger Grant Collection.
Black and white photograph of the Milwaukee Road Depot, Montevideo, ca. 1900. From the H. Roger Grant Collection.
Black and white photograph of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railway Company tracks near Maple Springs, Wabasha County, 1903.
Black and white photograph of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railway Company tracks near Maple Springs, Wabasha County, 1903.
Black and white photograph of the C. M. & St. P. Depot, Wheaton, Minn, 1917.
Black and white photograph of the C. M. & St. P. Depot, Wheaton, Minn, 1917.
Black and white photograph of agroup of kids visiting a Milwaukee Road locomotive. Photograph by the Star Tribune Company, April 4, 1948.
Black and white photograph of agroup of kids visiting a Milwaukee Road locomotive. Photograph by the Star Tribune Company, April 4, 1948.
Milwaukee road tickets and envelope, manufactured 1948.
Milwaukee road tickets and envelope, manufactured 1948.
Color image of “The Milwaukee Road” sign, manufactured ca. 1950s.
Color image of “The Milwaukee Road” sign, manufactured ca. 1950s.
Milwaukee Road ticket envelope issued to Paul Clement on December 27, 1966.
Milwaukee Road ticket envelope issued to Paul Clement on December 27, 1966.
Black and white photograph of the Washington Avenue viaduct, Milwaukee Road depot, Minneapolis. Photograph by Joe E. B. Elliott, ca. 1970.
Black and white photograph of the Washington Avenue viaduct, Milwaukee Road depot, Minneapolis. Photograph by Joe E. B. Elliott, ca. 1970.
Black and white photograph of the St. Croix tower on Milwaukee Road north of Hastings. Photograph by Richard G. Smedley, 1983.
Black and white photograph of the St. Croix tower on Milwaukee Road north of Hastings. Photograph by Richard G. Smedley, 1983.

Turning Point

During surveying in 1857, officials consider the cost of the Milwaukee Road’s route to be reasonable. However, rails are not laid for at least another seven years because of the effects of the Panic of 1857 and the outbreak of civil war.

Chronology

March 1, 1856

The Minneapolis and Cedar Valley (M&CV) is created.

1857

Estimates place the cost of the new line at $27,660 per mile.

1861

Many railroad building projects stop, including the M&CV.

February 1, 1864

The Minnesota Central is created after the failure of several charters leaves the line without a builder.

Early 1870s

There are now two routes south of the Twin Cities on the way to Chicago, with a shorter route following the Mississippi river.

January 3, 1872

The line becomes the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, or the Milwaukee Road.

1898

The Milwaukee Road passenger depot in downtown Minneapolis is completed, designed by noted Chicago architect Charles S. Frost.

1926

The last of the Milwaukee Road extension projects in Minnesota is completed between Oakland and Hollandale.

June 30, 1935

The Minneapolis Tribune reports that the Hiawatha passenger train makes the run between Chicago and St. Paul in six hours and twenty-seven minutes.

Late 1960s

The maintenance of track work is put off to save money.

1970

The Milwaukee Road exits the passenger business.

April 30, 1971

Number 5, the Morning Hiawatha, leaves the downtown Minneapolis station for the last time.

1978–1980

The Milwaukee Road in Minnesota abandons several rural branch lines.

May 15, 1981

The Milwaukee Road abandons trackage to the west of Ortonville.

February 19, 1985

The Soo Line is given the OK by the federal government to purchase the ailing Milwaukee Road.

1992

The Soo Line is absorbed into the Canadian Pacific.