Racial Housing Covenants in the Twin Cities

Minneapolis real estate developers began writing racial covenants—race-based property ownership restrictions—into property deeds in 1910. They were banned by the Minnesota state legislature in 1953, but their use in the early twentieth century laid the foundation for contemporary racial disparities in Minnesota.

Aerial view of the Campbell Mill in Northfield, Minnesota, ca. 1995. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Campbell Mill

Aerial view of the Campbell Mill in Northfield, Minnesota, ca. 1995. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Lineup of ready-to-eat cereals made by the Malt-O-Meal Company, 1981. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Malt-O-Meal cereals

Lineup of ready-to-eat cereals made by the Malt-O-Meal Company, 1981. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Trial-size box label for then-new Chocolate Malt-O-Meal, 1961. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Trial-size box label for Chocolate Malt-O-Meal

Trial-size box label for then-new Chocolate Malt-O-Meal, 1961. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Malt-O-Meal cereal boxes, 1950. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

Malt-O-Meal cereal boxes

Malt-O-Meal cereal boxes, 1950. Used with the permission of Post Consumer Brands and Northfield Historical Society.

The Ames Mill in Northfield, Minnesota, shortly after the Campbell Cereal Company moved in, 1930. Used with the permission of Northfield Historical Society.

Ames Mill

The Ames Mill in Northfield, Minnesota, shortly after the Campbell Cereal Company moved in, 1930. Used with the permission of Northfield Historical Society.

Malt-O-Meal box, ca. 1925. Used with the permission of Northfield Historical Society.

Malt-O-Meal Box

Malt-O-Meal box, ca. 1925. Used with the permission of Northfield Historical Society.

John S. Campbell at his desk in Owatonna, ca. 1920. Used with the permission of Northfield Historical Society.

John S. Campbell

John S. Campbell at his desk in Owatonna, ca. 1920. Used with the permission of Northfield Historical Society.

Malt-O-Meal Company

The Malt-O-Meal Company was founded by John S. Campbell in Owatonna in 1919 and grew to be one of the top cereal manufacturers in the country. Since 1927, Malt-O-Meal cereal products have been made in Northfield and sold internationally.

Hormel strikers' picket line

Hormel strikers' picket line

Hormel Foods employees link arms to form a picket line during the 1985–1986 strike against that company.

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